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Local history, but viewed from afar

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Category: Featured Theme: Local History
Published: Monday, 02 June 2008 01:00
Posted by NST
Local history, but viewed from afar
By Shuhada Elis and R.S. Kamini, The New Straits Times
June 2, 2008





National Archive general assistant Mazlin Mustafa holding an agreement letter on the appointment of a Malayan British Adviser in 1919 from London.



THEY are collectively an asset that provides evidence of the historical events that shaped Malaysia.
Sadly, these assets, namely Malay manuscripts and papers of historical value, are not even available here.

They are found in foreign lands instead of being in local archives or universities.

These papers technically belong to Malaysia but the government, through the National Archives and libraries, has spent millions of ringgit to duplicate them.

Shouldn't these items be brought home?

According to experts, it is not quite possible to do so.

Datuk Dr Khoo Kay Kim.
Historian Datuk Dr Khoo Kay Kim said although Malaysia could be considered the rightful owner of the documents or manuscripts, the current holders had equal rights to them.

"These items can be a personal collection of the administrators during colonial times.

"Since they kept the record, they took it back home with them."

Khoo said to argue about who should have the original was pointless because the respective governments could highlight their contributions that gave them the right as the keeper of the original documents.

He said the Malaysian government could, however, make copies in the form of microfilms or photocopy the documents for future reference or use by researchers.

"Unfortunately, we do not have an extensive collection of these manuscripts or historical documents whereas Singapore has a better collection on Malaysian history."

Khoo said the University of Cambridge or the British Library in London had an easy-access system that allowed researchers from any part of the world to refer to these documents and make copies of them.

Local author and academician Dr Joseph M. Fernando said the British viewed Malaysian documents as "part of their country's record of administration. It is considered to be part of their history as well. So they will not give the originals away".

He considered this as joint ownership. Although the British took documents related to Malaya then, they have a systematic archive for easy retrieval and reference.

"I can view a file or a letter within 30 minutes of formally requesting for it," said Fernando.

He has been making frequent trips to London as the National Archives of the United Kingdom has the biggest depository of Malaysian political and colonial records.

He said the local archive should upgrade its system.

"I go often to the National Archives of Malaysia to research on Datuk Onn Jaafar but some of these documents are classified and the documents I want are well over 50 years old," he said, adding that similar documents were readily available in London.

He said the government should put together a team of historians to guide it on the sort of documents it should obtain for the sake of guarding the national heritage.

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia lecturer in research on social economic history Associate Professor Dr Nordin Hussin said there was a lack of effort in collecting Malay manuscripts worldwide.


Dr Nordin Hussin
"These are our precious heritage that we should place much value upon, yet many are unaware of their importance. We should ask ourselves where we would stand without our history."

Nordin related an incident that rubbed salt into his wounds when academicians suggested that the Farquhar papers (history of William Farquhar, who took Malacca from the Dutch in 1795 and was the first colonial administrator of Singapore) be brought back from the United Kingdom.

"No attention was paid to it and, finally, Singapore bought the papers.

"I'm afraid one day they'll have the biggest research centre of Malay manuscripts as they are actively buying documents which are relevant to us," he said.

He said although the manuscripts were costly (they could cost up to RM500,000), they were worthwhile as they reflect the country's heritage.

Quick facts:

• Among the famous Malay manuscripts are Hikayat Hang Tuah, Hukum Kanun Melaka, Salasilah Raja-Raja Melayu dan Bugis and Syair Dagang Berjual-beli.

• The manuscripts were given as gifts or traded by kings or sultans for other goods during ancient times.

• The National Library houses 4,400 manuscripts.

• The National Library also has 773 microfilm copies of Malay manuscripts from places like the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and France.

• The National Archives has thousands of collections of at least 30 types of records, which include religious records, political records, letters, photographs and publications.

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Honeymoon led to Pattani 'affair'

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Category: Featured Theme: Local History
Published: Monday, 02 June 2008 01:00
Posted by NST
Honeymoon led to Pattani 'affair'
By The New Straits Times
June 2, 2008




Francis R. Bradley studying one of the manuscripts written in old Jawi at the Malay manuscript centre in the National Library.


FRANCIS R. Bradley cuts a distinctive figure in the Malay manuscript centre. Look closely at what he has on his desk - Malay manuscripts written in old Jawi.

The researcher, from University of Wisconsin in United States, was studying an old Kitab Sembahyang (prayer book) and Collection of Hadith at the National Library recently.

Bradley, who speaks fluent Malay, has been to Malaysia a few times to conduct research.

He is studying old manuscripts written in the 18th century by an Islamic scholar from Pattani, Thailand.

Works of Syeikh Daud Abdullah Al-Pattani on legal treatises and Sufism, written in Mecca, Kelantan, Terengganu and Kedah, can easily be found here.

"I went to Pattani in 2006 but people told me to come to Malaysia. It has been overwhelming here.

"I found about 700 manuscripts on Syeikh Daud in the library and 300 more in the Islamic Arts Museum."

He added that the manuscripts were also in good condition although they were about 200 years old.

The manuscripts in the library are stored in a strong room at a temperature between 20oC and 22oC for preservation purposes.

Bradley said he was interested in the scholar's work as Syeikh Daud was the "Ulama Besar" and was portrayed as a father figure by Pattani folk.

He said Syeikh Daud was also important to the idea of Pattani as a place.

Bradley's interest in Islamic culture began when he went to Istanbul with his wife for their honeymoon.

He initially studied the Turkish language and decided to study Southeast Asian history on his professor's recommendation.

In 2004, he studied Bahasa Indonesia and learned Jawi language in the Language and Cultures of Asia Department in his university. He chose to focus on Pattani history as it was under studied.

Bradley is currently pursuing his PhD in History and visits the library daily to conduct his research before he returns to the United States later this month.

"I never expected to find this much information. I'm really grateful that this place offers convenient research facilities," he said.  

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Let's do the lawyer walk

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Category: Non-Governmental Organisations
Published: Sunday, 08 June 2008 01:00
Posted by Super User
Let's do the 'lawyer walk'
Azly Rahman
Oct 2, 2007
Is this the dawning of the Age of Aquarius? When Jupiter lines up with Mars…

A song by an R&B group The Fifth Dimension out of the turbulent Sixties, written for the musical Hair, reminds me of the lawyers' walk on Wednesday. History is a pattern of repetition and ideas and civil rights is a part of the phenomena of globalization. As a noted scholar of globalization Arjun Appadurai once said that movements of these become patterns of changes of "ideascapes" that create more changes. The idea of Civil Rights has arrived on our shores.

Historian of science Thomas Kuhn in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions spoke of "paradigm shifts" in which when a long-held idea of the time is bombarded with questions, it can no longer carry its weight and will eventually collapse as a result of the internal contradiction that contributes to the internal weight that brought to the collapse. This is exemplified by the "Copernican Revolution" in the collapse of the Ptolemic paradigm of an "Earth-centric" universe.

One small step

The Bar Council's one small step for Malaysia might lead to giant steps for our own Civil Rights movement.

Will that Wednesday event inspire a "Million Malaysian March" someday? Will we see peaceful walks by all sectors of society, classes of people, and groups of professionals that will ensure their unique demands for changes be heard?

This seems to be the best time to walk peacefully to the different ministries to hand in manifestos and petitions for radical change and transformations; from the demand for minimum wages to be instituted to the repeal of the Universities and University Colleges Act to be handed in by hand to the ministers.

This is the best time for the rakyat to come together and walk the talk and talk about the Wednesday walk and demand that repressive Acts be repealed, major national scandals be investigated, corrupt politicians working closely with robber barons be exposed and removed from office, student rights in our universities be respected, a valid, reliable, and fair and just national voting system be instituted, the victims of the New Economic Policy be compensated, equity and equal opportunity issues be addressed, and a whole range of other issues be attended to in order for this nation to evolve peacefully.

We are slowly but surely learning to be a nation that will use our rights to free speech and free assembly well. The Wednesday march is a clear example how the government is taking the walk seriously.

Perhaps, with the help of human rights lawyers, Malaysian educationists, trade unionists, doctors, engineers, university students, artists, musicians, poets, rubber tapers, tin miners, small business owners, bloggers, fearful Southern and Northern Corridor dwellers, homemakers, and those marginalized by the policies of the ruling party, should do the "lawyer walk" and be spared of the syndrome of the "Batu Burok" walk. Things should proceed peacefully – and legally. We have the right to protest against the rotting of things entire – whether it is about a rotten judiciary or the rotten Surat Akujanji that help make the support for corrupt leaders legal.

A great lawyer, Mohandas K Gandhi, led the biggest walk in modern history; years of walks and marches that led to the fall of the British Empire in India, spearheading other movements for independence. As a lawyer in South Africa, Gandhi burned the pass that symbolised the segregation of the whites and the colored. Gandhi, inspired by "transcendentalists such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, promoted civil disobedience and peaceful marches to affect change. Gandhi's philosophy "satyagraha" or philosophy of "non-violence" inspired The Reverend Dr Martin Luther King Jr to initiate one of the greatest events in American history – the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s. Yes, the sixties – the moon is at its seventh house.

One giant step needed

At the height of the Reformasi movement of the late 1990s, street protests were abound and became a weekly event. That served its purpose of a nation still learning how to engineer a peaceful revolution.

The Wednesday walk, 10 years after, has shown us a more sophisticated way to make the voices of justice heard. The symbolism was perfect – lawyers fed up with the rot wishing to bring the Judiciary back to its dignity after being bullied for 20 years by the Executive that had become totalitarian, marched from the Palace of Justice to the Central Command Courtyard. There was no storming of the Bastille but the message was clear – clean up the mess or you'll see more walks and marches.

Walking is always a good thing for our health. And the Wednesday "lawyers' walk" was even better for the health of the nation
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New pamphlet: Is our press really free?

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Category: Non-Governmental Organisations
Published: Monday, 11 August 2008 10:11
Posted by MTT

New pamphlet: Is our press really free?     


Written by the Malaysia Think Tank

Monday, 03 March 2008 

Malaysia Think Tank London has announced the publication of a new pamphlet "Press Freedom in Malaysia". The main author is Datuk Azman Ujang, General Manager of Bernama and Chairman of Malaysia Press Institute.

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The publications includes comments from Sonia Randhawa, Director of the Centre for Independent Journalism; Dr Azmi Sharom, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Malaya; and 'Abidin Muhriz, Director of Malaysia Think Tank London.

This publication is part of our bigger project to look into the state of democracy in Malaysia, particularly the strengths and weaknesses of our mechanisms for checks and balances.

Writing in this publication, Datuk Azman Ujang says that: "freedom of the press, like all freedoms, should not be unfettered". Citing the increasing press freedom in Indonesia as an example, he says: "the press in Indonesia today is so free that many sections of society are reportedly very uncomfortable with it." Datuk Azman adds: "I would like to argue that the concept of press freedom in Malaysia should remain one of freedom with responsibility. Freedom per se connotes the freedom to be irresponsible as well. In the context of a plural society like ours where many things are still perceived to be "sensitive", the responsibility to be responsible, is even more necessary."

Sonia Randhawa, Director of the Centre for Independent Journalism, says: "Malaysia does not have media freedom. The freedom online is constrained by state and non-state actors, by legislation and by the lack of it."  She adds: "And it is undeniable that offline, conditions are worse." On the issue of sensitive issues, Sonia further adds: "Malaysia is not uniquely multi-ethnic, and countries with similar or greater diversity, both within and outside the region, allow greater legislative freedom. Media freedom in these countries, from the Philippines to France, is seen as an important bulwark against corruption, to protect people against their governments and to help protect cultural, linguistic and intellectual diversity."

Dr Azmi Sharom, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Malaya, says: "It is strange that the people who are most vociferous when calling for sensitivity are the very same ones waving keris in the air as a warning to non-Malays, they are the ones who demolish a Hindu temple during the 2007 Deepavali week, and they are the ones who demand that missionary schools destroy their symbols of Christianity." He continues to say: "because the press is not free, the majority of Malaysians are denied the truth. Without the truth, one can't make intelligent choices. In a democracy, this is a ridiculous state to be in."

'Abidin Muhriz, Director of Malaysia Think Tank London, says: "It is indeed commonly accepted even in the most advanced democracies that in times of war or conflict certain curtailments of freedom are justifiable, but despite the fact that Malaysia has been at peace since the Emergency, restrictions on the press have become more intrusive since." 'Abidin further says: "to gain that elusive first-world mentality to match our oft-cited first-world physical infrastructure, we must nurture a thirst for knowledge that can only be quenched by freedom of thought elucidated by enquiring journalism and insightful commentary."

Commenting on the launch, Wan Saiful Wan Jan, Director General of Malaysia Think Tank London says: "Effective press is very important in any democracy. All our authors seem to agree on this. But they differ when it comes to the degree of freedom. If we leave aside these differences just for a while, particularly during this election period, the press must be, above all, fair to all parties. Without a more free and fair media, our democracy is ineffective. Looking at how things are going, there is a lot to be desired." 

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Plea for Malaysian Indians

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Category: Non-Governmental Organisations
Published: Wednesday, 04 June 2008 01:00
Posted by Super User
Plea for Malaysian Indians

Azly Rahman
Nov 26, 07 11:16am

From, ILLUMINATIONS, Malaysiakini 

 

The economic anarchy of capitalist society as it exists today is, in my opinion, the real source of the evil. We see before us a huge community of producers the members of which are unceasingly striving to deprive each other of the fruits of their collective labour - not by force, but on the whole in faithful compliance with legally established rules. - Albert Einstein in ‘Why Socialism?’ (1949)

What do I think of Western civilisation? I think it would be a very good idea. - Mohandas K Gandhi

Will Queen Elizabeth II of England pay for the 150-year suffering of Indian Malaysians? How would reparations be addressed in an age in which we are still mystified by newer forms of colonialism - the English Premier League, Malaysian Eton-clones, Oxbridge education, and British rock musicians such as the guitarist-astrophysicist Dr Brian May of the better-than-the-Beatles rock group Queen (and recently appointed chancellor of a Liverpool university)?

Who in British Malaya collaborated with the British East India company in facilitating the globalised system of indentured slavery? Will the current government now pay attention to the 50-year problems of Indian Malaysians?

We need to untangle this ideological mess and listen to the pulse of the nation. We are hyperventilating from the ills of a 50-year indentured self-designed pathological system of discriminatory servitude of the mind and body, fashioned after the style of colonialism.

We need a crash course in the history of reparation, slavery, and the declaration universal human rights. We need to understand the style of British colonialism as it collaborated with the local power elites of any colony it buried its tentacles in and sucked dry the blood, sweat and tears of the natives it dehumanised and sub-humanised.

We need to calculate how much the imperialists and the local chieftains gained from the trafficking of human labour - across time and space and throughout history.

In short, we need to educate ourselves on the anatomy, chemistry, anthropology and post-structurality of old and newer forms of imperialism. British imperialism has successfully structured a profitable system of the servitude of the body, mind and soul and has transferred this ideology onto the natives wishing to be "more British than their brown skins can handle".

We need to encourage our children to read about the system of indentured slavery - of the kangchu and kangani and how the Malays were also relegated to becoming ‘reluctant’ producers of the colonial economy. The Malays’ reluctance led to the British designation "lazy native".

We need to also learn from the Orang Asli and the natives of each state and how their philosophy of developmentalism is more advanced that the programmes prescribed under the successive five-year Malaysia Plans. A philosophy of development that respects and is symbiotic with Nature is certainly more appropriate for cultural dignity that the one to which we have been subjected; one that exploits human beings and destroys the environment under the guise of ‘progress’.

Caged construction

Our history lessons mask the larger issue of traditional, modern and corporate control of the means of production of Malaya. We see the issue of race being played up from time immemorial; issue of convenience and necessity to the sustenance of the status quo and the proliferation of modern local oligopoly and plutocracy.

Our history classes have failed our generation that is in need of the bigger picture; ones that will allow us to see what is outside of our caged construction of historicising. Our historians, from the court propagandist Tun Sri Lanang to our modern historians written under the mental surveillance of the ruling parties, have not been true to the demand of the production of knowledge based on social and humanistic dimensions of factualising historical accounts.

We need to study the political-economy of the rubber and canning industry and the relationship between the British and the American empire as industrialisation began to take off.

The Indians in Malaysia have all the right to ask for reparation and even most importantly they have the rights as rightful citizens of Malaysia to demand for equality and equal opportunity as such accorded to the ‘bumiputera’. Every Malaysian must be given such rights.

Failure to do so we will all be guilty of practising neo-colonialism and we will one day be faced with similar issue of reparation; this time marginalised Malaysians against the independent government of Malaysia. How are we going to peacefully correct the imbalances if we do not learn from the history of international slavery, labour migration and human labour trafficking that, in the case of Hindraf, involved millions of Tamils from Tamil Nadu province?
I once wrote a piece calling for all of us to help the least privileged of our fellow Malaysians - the Indians. The piece called for the leaders to stop fighting and to help each other as well.

I wrote a passage on the need to help each other in the spirit of selflessness and collaboration: “It is time for the other races to engage in serious and sincere gotong-royong to help the poorest of the poor among the Indians. It is time that we become possessed with a new spirit of multi-cultural marhaenism. The great Indonesian leader Ahmed Soekarno popularised the concept of marhaenism as an antidote to the ideological battle against materialism, colonialism, dependency and imperialism. The thought that the top 10 percent of the richest Malaysians are earning more than 20 times compared to the 90 percent of the population is terrifying. What has become of this nation that promised a just distribution of wealth at the onset of Independence?"

Not a Hindu problem

Now we have a better scenario - we have the rights group that is beginning to pull together,-close ranks and demand for their basic human rights that have been denied. Not only their rights to be accorded places of worship and economic justice, but also the rights to look at history and ourselves and interrogate what actually happened and who actually was responsible for the misery, desolation and sustained abject poverty to which they have been subjected.

It is not a Hindu problem - it is universal problem that cuts across race and religion. If we believe in what religion has taught us about human dignity and the brotherhood and sisterhood of humanity, we will all be speaking in one voice rallying for those who demand for their rights to live with dignity.

In Hindraf, I believe there are Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Catholics, atheists, Buddhists, Sikhs, Bahais, Jains, etc rallying for the cause. In other words there are human beings speaking up for peace and social justice. It is the right of every Malaysian to lend support to their demands.

We have let the Indians in Malaysia suffer for too long. We ought to have a programme of affirmative action in place. We ought to have a sound programme for alleviation of poverty for the Indians and radically improve their conditions through political action, education and cultural preservation. We ought to extract the enabling aspects of culture though and perhaps reconstruct the our understanding of the relationship between culture and human progress.

But can the current political paradigm engineer a solution to the problems of the Malaysian Indians, as long as politics - after 50 years - is still British colonialist-imperialist-oppressive in nature? We have evolved into a sophisticated politically racist nation, hiding our discriminatory policies with the use of language that rationalises what the British imperialists brutally did in the open.

But our arguments cannot hold water any loner. Things are falling apart - deconstructed. The waves of demands, the frequency of rallies and the excavating of issues drawn from the archaeology of our fossilised arrogant knowledge - all these are symptoms of deconstructionism in our body politics. It is like the violent vomit of a rehabilitating cocaine addict undergoing treatment in a Buddhist monastery somewhere in northern Thailand.

We cannot continue to alienate each other through arguments on a ‘social contract’ that is alien from perhaps what Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote about some 300 years ago - a philosophy that inspired the founding of America, a nation of immigrants constantly struggling (albeit imperfectly) to meet the standards requirements of equality, equity and equal opportunity especially in education.

How do we come together, as Malaysians, as neo-bumiputeras free from false political-economic and ideological dichotomies of Malays versus non-Malays, bumi versus non-bumi and craft a better way of looking at our political, economic, social, cultural, psychological and spiritual destiny - so that we may continue to survive as a species for the next 50 years?

As a privileged Malaysian whose mother tongue is the Malay language and as one designated as a bumiputera, I want to see the false dichotomies destroyed and a new sense of social order emerging, based on a more just form of linguistic play designed as a new Merdeka game plan.

Think Malaysian - we do not have anything to lose except our mental chains. We have a lot to gain in seeing the oppressed be freed from the burden of history; one that is based on the march of materialism. We are essentially social beings, as Einstein would emphasise. Our economic design must address the socialism of existence.

Let us restructure of policies to help the Indian Malaysians - they are our lawful citizens speaking up for their fundamental rights. Let us help restructure the lives of the poor before they restructure the lives of the rich.

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More Articles...

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  4. Ignoring Human Rights comes with a price

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